日本後鳥羽天皇、承久之亂

japan-history-emperor-go-toba-jokyu-war

Summary

後鳥羽天皇（1180-1239）他不是源平合戰的參與者，也不是鎌倉時代的開創者，而是鎌倉時代已經形成後，最後一位試圖對抗鎌倉幕府朝廷勢力的關鍵人物。

• Summary
• 後鳥羽天皇一生中發生或參與的大事
• 鎌倉文化成就
• 陵墓
• 常見問題 FAQ
• 參考資料

後鳥羽天皇一生中發生或參與的大事

• 源平合戰（1180-1185）
• 平安時代結束，鎌倉時代開始
• 日本社會結構從「貴族政治」轉向「武家政治」（武士統治）的巨大變革，從鎌倉幕府延續到後來的室町幕府、江戶幕府。
• 政治權力核心從平安京轉移到鎌倉
• 源賴朝在戰爭末期（1185年）獲得了在全國設置「守護」（管理軍事）與「地頭」（管理土地與稅收）的權利，這象徵著平安時代的莊園制度徹底崩潰
• 1185年，壇之浦之戰，平家徹底滅亡。三神器落海。
• 1192年 源賴朝任征夷大將軍
• 1183 年即位成為天皇，他是首位在沒有三神器狀態下即位的天皇，開創先例。
• 鎌倉時代開始（1185-1192左右）
• 後鳥羽天皇在1183年即位時才3歲。他即位時源賴朝還沒有完全掌握政權。
• 1192年源賴朝才被正式封為征夷大將軍，建立鎌倉幕府，鎌倉時代才真正開始。
• 1198年，他禪位給兒子土御門天皇，建立院政制度，但野掌控朝廷權力達20多年，試圖制衡鎌倉幕府的勢力。
• 承久之亂（1221）
• 他對幕府執權 北條義時 下達院宣(聖旨)，發動戰爭討伐鎌倉幕府。
• 戰敗且被流放到隱岐島。後鳥羽上皇流放隱岐島，順德上皇流放佐渡島，土御門上皇流放土佐國。
• 這場亂事深刻改變了朝廷與幕府的權力關係，標誌著武家勢力最終確立優勢地位。

鎌倉文化成就

1. 他親手打造武士刀，刀身上的十六瓣菊紋成為日本天皇家的家紋，延續至今。

陵墓

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常見問題 FAQ

參考資料

The Genpei War: The Samurai War That Ended an Era

The Genpei War (1180-1185 CE) is one of the most important socio-political events in Japanese history. It brought an end to Japan’s Heian Era of classical antiquity and ushered in a new, feudalistic age in which Japan’s warrior families, known to us today as the samurai, began to take political control of the country. Beyond that, it left a massive cultural impact on the country’s society, with its colorful characters and dramatic events being immortalized in theater, literature, and artwork for centuries to come, with many of them remaining household names even today. This video is a long-form, documentary-style deep dive into this epic conflict, covering the historical lead-up, the war itself, and the half-dozen-or-so years of its immediate aftermath. I highly recommend watching it as the grand finale of my four-part series of videos on the history of the Heian Period! Support the channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/BuyuudenJapaneseHistory Support the channel with a t-shirt purchase: https://buyuuden-japanese-history.creator-spring.com/ TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Prologue 0:49 Intro 3:44 ACT ONE: Taira no Kiyomori 11:21 Stormclouds 14:19 The Shishigatani Incident 17:24 Taira Takeover 21:10 Prince Mochihito’s Uprising 24:56 Capital Transfer 26:39 ACT TWO: Minamoto no Yoritomo 29:31 Yoritomo’s Rebellion 33:59 The Embarrassment at the Fuji River 38:15 Goodbye, Kiyomori 43:49 Hell on Earth 46:15 ACT THREE: Kiso Yoshinaka 51:37 Yoshinaka Triumphant 56:41 The Unraveling 59:32 ACT FOUR: Minamoto no Yoshitsune 1:02:56 Ichi no Tani 1:06:49 Yashima 1:10:30 Dan no Ura 1:16:32 Brothers’ War 1:25:26 Aftermath 1:28:52 Outro Main Information Sources: 図説：平清盛 (樋口 州男・鈴木彰・錦昭江・野口華世) 源頼朝：東国を選んだ武家の貴公子（高橋 典幸） 京・鎌倉　ふたつの王権 (本郷 恵子) 武士の成長と院政（下向井龍彦） 歴史・文化ガイド：源義経の時代（奥富敬之） 平清盛：悪人か英雄か (Gakken Mook) 源平争乱：群雄ビジュアル百科（ポプラ社） １日で読める平家物語（吉野敬介） 鎌倉幕府開幕：源頼朝（朝日カルチャーシリーズ） 図説：源平合戦人物伝（歴史群像シリーズ） ８００年の時を経て蘇る鴨長明「方丈記」時代の事件簿（Town Mook) Intro Monologue stitched together from Tale of the Heike translations by Burton Watson, Royall Tyler, and A.L. Sadler Music: Dova Syndrome (https://dova-s.jp/) (Artists: Fuuka and Habane (風可＆葉羽), Yoshinori Tanaka (田中芳典), MAKOOTO, Koorogi (こおろぎ), lei, Maniira (マニーラ), Make a field Music, Hata Akira (秦暁), ilodolly, Itou Keisuke (伊藤ケイスケ)) Amacha Ongaku Kôbô (http://amachamusic.chagasi.com/index.html) Peritune (https://peritune.com) Oto no Sono (http://oto-no-sono.com） Intro/Outro beat produced by Buyuuden (me) using samples from “Tetegobashi” from Lone Wolf and Cub Images from: The National Diet Library Digital Collections (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/) The Waseda University Library (https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/index.html) The Kyoto University Rare Materials Digital Archive (https://rmda.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/) The British Museum (https://www.britishmuseum.org) Meisei University (http://ehon-emaki.meisei-u.ac.jp/) The Tokyo Metropolitan Library (https://archive.library.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/da/top) Ritsumeikan University (https://www.dh-jac.net/) Touken World (https://www.touken-world.jp) The Hayashibara Museum of Art’s Heike Monogatari Picture Scroll The Umi-Mori Art Museum’s Hogen-Heiji Monogatari Picture Scroll The Okada Museum of Art’s Heike Monogatari Folding Screen (One picture) Colbase (https://colbase.nich.go.jp/?locale=ja) Penn Libraries (http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/fish...) Photo AC (https://www.photo-ac.com/) Illust AC (https://www.ac-illust.com/) The Metropolitan Museum of Art Google Earth Some photos of out-of-copyright artwork from books I own Public Domain Photos: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jetavana.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renge_Uji,_Uji-shi,_Ky%C5%8Dto-fu_611-0021,_Japan_-_panoramio_(3).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kanmon_Straits_Aerial_photograph.2009.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan_(20373865590).jpg Graphics: “Close up, The orange flame was burning. The strength of the fire was moving and burning” by Vecteezy (https://www.vecteezy.com/video/5312390-close-up-the-orange-flame-was-burning-the-strength-of-the-fire-was-moving-and-burning) Banquet sounds: unfa (https://freesound.org/people/unfa/sounds/209313/)

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